Often gambles when feeling distressed (e.g., helpless, guilty, anxious, depressed)Ĭraving, or a strong desire or urge to use the stimulant Negative effects on school, family, social, or emotional functioningįeel restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop gamblingįeelings of unease, craving, abstinence, dependence, irritability when unable to use the phone Withdrawing from family or shared events because of smartphone useįail to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use. Lost a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of gambling Impact negatively on functioning in occupational, social, and daily life Repeated unsuccessful attempts to control, reduce, or stop the compulsive use of smartphone Repeated unsuccessful attempts to control, reduce, or stop substance use Repeated unsuccessful attempts to control, reduce, or stop gambling Insomnia or sleep disturbance related to frequent checkingĬontinue using the substance even when it causes harmful effectsĬontinue use in prohibited contexts or potentially dangerous situations (e.g., driving, walking, risky live-streaming a)Ĭhasing the loss with bigger amount money Spent a great deal of time to obtain, use, or recover from the use of substanceĭangerous use/continue behavior despite the negative impactĬontinue gambling despite having financial problems resulting from gambling rely on others for financial supportĬontinue using the substance despite it negatively affecting their physical or psychological well-being, even once it is acknowledged that their physical or psychological problem could have been caused or worsened by the substance Often preoccupied with gambling (e.g., reliving past experience and planning future gambling) Need longer duration and frequency to achieve satisfaction or counteract associated negative emotions

Need high dose of substance or longer period to attain the same level of satisfaction

Gambling with increased amount of money to attain same level of excitement Tolerance/increased in frequency, duration, and quality in order to attain the same level of satisfaction Thus, problematic smartphone use is defined as a form of behavior characterized by the compulsive use of the device that results in various forms of physical, psychological, or social harm. Table 8.1 displays the suggested symptomatology of smartphone addiction, based on DSM-5 criteria for gambling disorder and substance abuse ( APA, 2013). The context of such behavioral addiction is conceptualized based on the classic addiction symptomology that was included in DSM-5 criteria for compulsive gambling and substance abuse as a guideline ( De-Sola Gutiérrez, Rodríguez de Fonseca, & Rubio, 2016 Kwon, Lee, et al., 2013 Lin et al., 2016 Panova & Carbonell, 2018). Currently, there is no consensus on the definition of smartphone “addiction.” Therefore the term “problematic smartphone use” is frequently applied, which describes a recurrent failure to control the addictive behavior that results in functional impairment or distress, which meets the criteria for behavioral addiction as proposed by Kardefelt-Winther et al.

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